Der, Die, Das – Explaining the Cases in German

Learning German can be challenging, especially when it comes to der, die, das and the four cases. German grammar uses grammatical gender and cases in ways that English does not, which often leaves learners puzzled. This comprehensive guide will explain German grammatical gender and break down the four German cases – nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive – in simple terms. We’ll use clear tables and side-by-side English comparisons to illustrate how German articles change in each case. You’ll also find plenty of example sentences using der, die, das in different contexts, tips for memorising these patterns, and guidance on word order. By the end, you should have German cases and articles explained and feel more confident using der, die, das correctly. Let’s dive in!

Confused about German articles? Learn about the German cases here

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A Comprehensive Guide to German Articles and Cases

You're not alone if you're learning German and feel confused by der, die, das and when to use them. German articles change depending on gender, number, and case — and mastering them is key to speaking and writing correctly. In this guide, we'll break down everything you need to know about grammatical gender and the four cases in German, using clear examples and comparisons with English.

Grammatical Gender in German: Der, Die, Das

One of the first hurdles in German is understanding grammatical gender. In German, every noun has a gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. The definite article “the” has three forms in the singular to mark these genders: der (masculine), die (feminine), and das (neuter). For example:

• der Mann – the man (masculine)

• die Frau – the woman (feminine)

• das Kind – the child (neuter)

In the plural, die is used for “the” for all genders (e.g. die Männer – the men, die Frauen – the women). Grammatical gender in German often does not align with natural gender. For instance, das Mädchen (the word for “girl”) is neuter, not feminine. This is because Mädchen is a diminutive (ending in -chen, which is always neuter in German). Essentially, gender in German is a grammatical category, so you must memorise the gender of each noun as you learn it. A good habit is to learn nouns with their article (e.g., learn “table” as der Tisch, “door” as die Tür, “book” as das Buch).

English vs German: English does not have grammatical gender for most nouns – the just stays the. In German, however, the article changes with the noun’s gender. For example, “the book” is das Buch (neuter), but “the door” is die Tür (feminine). This concept of gender affects not only the article but also other words that describe the noun (adjectives, pronouns, etc.). Don’t worry if this seems confusing at first; with practice, it becomes second nature.

The Four Cases in German

Beyond gender, German uses a case system to show the role of nouns (and pronouns) in a sentence. There are four cases in German:

• Nominative – the subject of the sentence (the person or thing doing the action).

• Accusative – the direct object of the sentence (the person or thing directly receiving the action).

• Dative – the indirect object of the sentence (the person or thing benefiting from or affected by the action, often receiving something).

• Genitive – indicates possession or relationship (equivalent to using “of” or apostrophe-’s in English).

Each case affects the articles (and other determiners and adjectives) used with nouns. The der, die, das you use for “the” will change depending on the case, not just the gender. English vs German: In English, we mostly rely on word order and prepositions to indicate these roles (for example, position in the sentence for subjects/objects, or words like “to” and “of”). In German, the form of the article (and noun ending) provides this information, which means word order can be more flexible.

Below, we’ll explain each case in detail with examples. We’ll use der, die, das in various situations so you can see how they change. For clarity, German example sentences are followed by the English translation (in parentheses). Key parts are bolded or noted to highlight the case.

Nominative Case (Subject)

The nominative case marks the subject of a sentence – the person or thing doing the action or being described. This is the default case used for the “dictionary form” of nouns and pronouns. If you ask, “Who or what is doing something?” (German: Wer? or Was?), the answer will be in the nominative case.

• Der Mann spielt Tennis. (The man plays tennis.) – Here, der Mann (the man) is the subject, so it’s nominative.

• Die Frau lacht. (The woman laughs.) – Die Frau (the woman) is the one laughing, so she’s in the nominative case.

• Das Auto ist schnell. (The car is fast.) – Das Auto (the car) is the subject being described.

Every German sentence needs a nominative because every finite verb needs a subject. In simple sentences, the subject is usually the first element of the sentence. For example, in Der Hund spielt. (The dog plays.), der Hund (the dog) is nominative and comes first.

However, German word order is more flexible than English. The subject can also come after the verb for emphasis or in questions. For instance:

• Spielt der Hund im Garten? (Does the dog play in the garden?) – Here, the verb spielt comes first (typical for yes/no questions) and der Hund (the dog, nominative) follows it.

• Abends lese ich gern. (In the evenings, I like to read.) – The adverb Abends (in the evenings) comes first, so the subject ich (I, nominative) moves to third position after the verb.

In English, the subject pretty much always comes before the verb (except in questions). In German, because the nominative case is indicated by the article or pronoun form, the language allows constructions like Den Hund beißt der Hund, which we’ll see later, without confusion about who is biting whom. However, as a general rule, the nominative (subject) tends to appear at the start of a statement or immediately after the verb if another element leads the sentence.

Nominative “der, die, das” – In the nominative case, the articles are: der (masculine), die (feminine), das (neuter), and die (plural). This is essentially the base form you’ll find in dictionaries or vocabulary lists.

Accusative Case (Direct Object)

The accusative case marks the direct object of the verb – the person or thing directly acted upon or affected by the action. To identify the accusative in a sentence, ask “Whom or what is being [verb]-ed?” (German question: Wen? or Was?).

• Ich sehe den Mann. (I see the man.) – I (ich) am the subject (nominative). Whom do I see? den Mann (the man) is the direct object, so “the man” is in the accusative case here.

• Die Frau kauft ein Auto. (The woman buys a car.) – The woman (die Frau, nominative subject) buys what? ein Auto (a car) is the thing being bought, making it accusative.

Notice the articles: der Mann in nominative became den Mann in accusative. For feminine and neuter, the article did not change (die Frau → die Frau, das Auto → das Auto) – in accusative, only masculine nouns change their article (from der to den for “the”, and ein to einen for “a”). This is a key pattern: masculine singular adds -n in the accusative, while feminine and neuter look the same as they do in the nominative.

German word order for simple sentences is often Subject-Verb-Object (like English). For example, Der Hund beißt den Mann. (The dog bites the man.) Here, der Hund (the dog, nominative) is first, and den Mann (the man, accusative) comes after the verb. However, because the articles signal who is subject and object, German can also do Object-Verb-Subject without changing the core meaning, just changing emphasis:

• Den Mann beißt der Hund. – Word for word: “The man bites the dog,” but because den Mann is accusative, we understand it as “The dog bites the man.” The meaning is the same as the normal order sentence above – it’s still the dog doing the biting – but den Mann has been put first, perhaps to emphasise the man as the topic. In English, we can’t usually swap the order like this without changing meaning (we’d have to say “the man is bitten by the dog” in passive voice to get the same order). This highlights that German relies on case markings (like den), whereas English relies on word order.

Other places you’ll see the accusative case include certain prepositional phrases (some prepositions always take the accusative – e.g. für den Mann “for the man”, durch die Stadt “through the city”, etc.) and time expressions (e.g. jeden Tag – “every day”, where jeden is accusative masculine). But the main thing to remember is: the accusative is the direct object. If a noun is directly receiving the action of the verb, put it in the accusative (and adjust its article if needed).

Accusative “der, die, das” – The definite articles in the accusative are: den (masculine), die (feminine), das (neuter), die (plural). Only the masculine form differs from the nominative. For indefinite articles: einen (masculine), eine (feminine), ein (neuter). Again, only the masculine adds an -en (ein → einen).

Dative Case (Indirect Object)

The dative case marks the indirect object of a sentence, typically the recipient of something or the beneficiary of an action. In other words, the dative often answers “To whom? or For whom is something done?” (German: Wem? – “to whom?”). If an action is being done for someone or something, that someone/something is likely dative.

Many sentences that involve giving, telling, or showing will have three parts: subject (nominative), direct object (accusative), and indirect object (dative). You'll find the most common German verbs with the dative and the accusative case in a separate blog post. For example:

• Ich gebe der Frau einen Blumenstrauß. (I give the woman a bouquet of flowers.) – der Frau (to the woman) is the indirect object (dative), receiving the bouquet. einen Blumenstrauß (a bouquet) is the direct object (accusative) being given.

• Der Mann schenkt dem Kind ein Spielzeug. (The man gifts the child a toy.) – dem Kind (to the child) is in the dative case (recipient of the gift), and ein Spielzeug (a toy) is accusative (the thing given).

In English, we often use the prepositions “to” or “for” to indicate the indirect object: “I give a bouquet to the woman.” German instead uses the dative case (der Frau) without an extra preposition. However, you can also structure German sentences similar to English by using für (“for”) or an (“to”) plus the accusative, but that usually sounds less natural if a dative construction is possible. For instance, Ich kaufe dem Freund ein Buch. (I buy a book for the friend – using dative) is good German, whereas Ich kaufe ein Buch für den Freund, while grammatically correct (using für + accusative instead of dative), is less elegant. It’s a bit like saying “I buy a book for the friend” instead of “I buy my friend a book.” Many native speakers do this in casual speech (especially to avoid the dative case), but it’s considered colloquial.

Word Order: Typically, the dative (indirect object) comes before the accusative (direct object) in a German sentence, unless the direct object is a pronoun. A common structure is Subject – Verb – Indirect Object (dative) – Direct Object (accusative). For example: Die Mutter gibt der Tochter (dative) das Buch (accusative). However, if we replace das Buch with a pronoun, we’d say: Die Mutter gibt es der Tochter (The mother gives it to the daughter), because pronouns tend to come earlier. If both objects are pronouns, the accusative pronoun usually comes before the dative pronoun (e.g., Die Mutter gibt es ihr – The mother gives it to her).

Dative and Verbs: Not all verbs have an indirect object. But some verbs require a dative object even if English wouldn’t use “to.” A very important example is helfen (to help) – in German, you “help someone”: Ich helfe dem Mann (I help the man, literally “I help the man”). So der Mann becomes dem Mann in dative after helfen. Another is danken (to thank) – Ich danke dir (I thank you; dir is dative “you”). These are called dative verbs, and they just have to be memorised individually.

Dative “der, die, das” – The definite articles in dative are distinct for each gender: dem (masculine), der (feminine), dem (neuter), and den (plural). For plural nouns in dative, German adds an -n to the noun itself if possible (e.g., die Kinder -> den Kindern in dative, die Freunde -> den Freunden). For example: Ich spreche mit den Freunden – I speak with the friends. (Here den shows plural dative, and Freunde becomes Freunden with an n.) The indefinite articles in dative are einem (masc), einer (fem), einem (neut), and - (no plural a, but keinen for “no” plural, which we’ll cover in the table below).

To recap usage: if someone is receiving something or if the action is being done for someone, that noun will be dative. Example summary: Ich schreibe dem Freund einen Brief. (I write a letter to the friend.) – dem Freund is dative, receiving the letter. Many common verbs can take both a direct and indirect object (geben, schicken, bringen, zeigen, erzählen, etc.), so recognising which noun is in dative helps understand who is getting what.

There are two exceptions to this giving to/doing for rule, though- dative prepositions, which follow their own rules, and dative verbs.

Genitive Case (Possessive)

The genitive case indicates possession or close relationship, often translated with “of” or an apostrophe-’s in English. It answers the question “Whose?” (German: Wessen?).

• Das ist das Auto des Mannes. (That is the car of the man.) – Here des Mannes means “of the man”. In English we’d usually say “the man’s car.”

• Die Tasche der Frau ist teuer. (The woman’s bag is expensive.) – der Frau means “of the woman” (the woman’s).

In these examples, der Mann becomes des Mannes in genitive (note the ending -es added to Mann), and die Frau becomes der Frau (no extra ending on Frau; the article der signals genitive feminine). Genitive generally comes after the noun that is owned: die Tasche der Frau literally “the bag of the woman.” This is the opposite of English 's, which comes before (woman’s bag). One way to get used to genitive word order is to think of the “of” structure in English: “the bag of the woman” mirrors die Tasche der Frau.

German’s genitive is used more in writing and formal speech. In everyday conversation, Germans often substitute it with a dative construction using von (meaning “of/from”): e.g. die Tasche von der Frau. You’ll frequently hear Das ist das Auto von meinem Bruder instead of the genitive Das ist das Auto meines Bruders (“That’s my brother’s car”). While this “von + dative” structure is common, it’s considered colloquial. In fact, the decline of the genitive case in spoken German is such a notable trend that a popular book on German grammar is titled „Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod“ (in correct English: “The dative is the death of the genitive”), humorously phrased with a dative (dem Genitiv sein Tod literally “to the genitive its death”) to illustrate how people replace genitive with dative. Despite this trend, if you’re writing or in formal situations, you should know and use the genitive when appropriate.

Genitive also appears after certain prepositions (e.g. trotz des Regens – “despite the rain”, während der Nacht – “during the night”) and in some fixed expressions. Additionally, for proper nouns (names), German usually doesn’t use an article in the genitive; instead, it adds an -s (without apostrophe) to the name: Peters Auto (Peter’s car), Martinas Haus (Martina’s house). If the name ends in s, x or similar, you’d add an apostrophe instead of another s (e.g., Hans’ Auto for Hans’s car).

Genitive “der, die, das” – The definite articles for genitive are: des (masculine), der (feminine), des (neuter), der (plural). Notice that masculine and neuter share the form des, while feminine and plural share der (which looks like the feminine nominative, but here it means “of the”). Important: With masculine and neuter nouns in the genitive, you usually add an -s or -es to the noun itself. Typically, one-syllable nouns take -es (e.g. der Mann -> des Mannes, das Buch -> des Buches), and longer nouns often just take -s (e.g. das Auto -> des Autos). Feminine and plural nouns do not add an ending in genitive (they often already end in -e or -en, etc., so die Frau -> der Frau, die Männer -> der Männer).

Indefinite articles in genitive are eines (masc), einer (fem), eines (neut) – again masculine/neuter have -es endings on “ein-”. There is no plural “ein” form, but for “no/none” (kein) in plural genitive you’d use keiner (e.g. keiner Leute – of no people).

To summarise, the genitive case is used to show ownership or association: one noun belongs to another. While it’s the least common case in everyday speech, it still appears in writing, titles, and certain expressions. Understanding it completes the picture of the four-case system.

Definite and Indefinite Articles in All Cases

Now that we’ve explained what each case does, let’s look at how the articles change with each case. Below are tables for the definite articles (the) and indefinite articles (a/an and their negation) in German. These tables show all four cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive) across all genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and plural. We’ll also compare them to English to highlight the differences.

Definite Articles (the) in German

The definite article in English is always “the,” regardless of case or number. In German, as we’ve seen, “the” has many forms (der, die, das, etc.) depending on gender and case. Here’s a comprehensive chart:

Case	Masculine (der)	Feminine (die)	Neuter (das)	Plural (die)
Nominative (subject)	der Mann the man	die Frau the woman	das Auto the car	die Kinder the children
Accusative (direct obj)	den Mann the man	die Frau the woman	das Auto the car	die Kinder the children
Dative (indirect obj)	dem Mann to the man	der Frau to the woman	dem Auto to the car	den Kindern to the children ★
Genitive (possession)	des Mannes of the man ☆	der Frau of the woman	des Autos of the car ☆	der Kinder of the children

★ For plural dative, add “-n” to the noun if possible: Kinder → Kindern☆ Masculine and neuter genitive nouns add “-s” or “-es”: Mann → Mannes, Auto → Autos

In this table, you can see patterns we discussed:

• Masculine: der → den (accusative -n), dem (dative -m), des (genitive -s).

• Feminine: die → (accusative same die), der (dative -r), der (genitive -r).

• Neuter: das → (accusative same das), dem (dative -m), des (genitive -s).

• Plural: die → (accusative same die), den (dative -n on article and noun), der (genitive -r).

English Comparison: If we added an English column, it would just say “the” for all cases and genders. This starkly shows why English speakers have trouble – we never change “the,” whereas German speakers instantly know the case/gender from these article forms.

Indefinite Articles (a/an) and kein in German

German indefinite articles (ein = “a/an”) also change with case and gender, similar to the definite articles. There is no plural indefinite article (you can’t have “a cars” in English or ein Autos in German; you’d either use words like “some” or just the noun without an article). However, German has a word, kein , which means “no/none” and acts like the negative of an indefinite article (for example, kein Mann = “no man” or “not a man”). We include kein here because it follows the same patterns and is often used where an indefinite article would be if something existed.

The chart below shows ein and kein together for completeness:

Case	Masculine (ein) / kein	Feminine (eine) / keine	Neuter (ein) / kein	Plural (—) / keine
Nominative	ein Mann / kein Mann	eine Frau / keine Frau	ein Auto / kein Auto	— / keine Bücher (no books)
Accusative	einen Mann / keinen Mann	eine Frau / keine Frau	ein Auto / kein Auto	— / keine Bücher
Dative	einem Mann / keinem Mann	einer Frau / keiner Frau	einem Auto / keinem Auto	— / keinen Büchern ★
Genitive	eines Mannes / keines Mannes	einer Frau / keiner Frau	eines Autos / keines Autos	— / keiner Bücher

★ As with definite articles, plural dative adds -n to the noun (e.g. Bücher → Büchern in keinen Büchern).

Notes: In the table, “—” indicates the lack of an article (since you don’t use ein in plural). For plural, keine is the form used to say “no [plural noun]”. For example, Ich habe Bücher means “I have books,” while Ich habe keine Bücher means “I have no books.”

Looking at ein (a/an):

• Masculine: ein Mann (nom), einen Mann (acc), einem Mann (dat), eines Mannes (gen).

• Feminine: eine Frau (nom/acc), einer Frau (dat/gen).

• Neuter: ein Auto (nom/acc), einem Auto (dat), eines Autos (gen).

These mirror the definite article patterns but without the “d” or “der” sound: for instance, der -> ein (masc nom), den -> einen, dem -> einem, des -> eines. Feminine die -> eine (nom/acc), der -> einer, and so on.

kein follows the same endings: kein/keinen/keinem/keines for masculine, keine/keiner for feminine, kein/keinem/keines for neuter, and keine/keinen/keiner for plural. Essentially, kein is like ein with a k- prefix and is used for negation (“no/not a”). You can treat it as the indefinite article in contexts where something is absent or negated.

By mastering these tables, you can decline (change) the articles correctly for any noun in any case. It’s a good idea to memorise the patterns – we’ll share some tips for that next.

Bear in mind that even though the articles seem to be omnipresent in the language, there are instances when articles should not be used. Once you have mastered the logic of the German cases, it is important to learn how possessive pronouns in German need to be used and how adjectival endings in German are used as they build on the cases. Students usually find the difference between mir and mich in German particularly confusing, so I wrote a separate post on the topic.

Tips for Memorising German Articles and Cases

Learning all the forms of der, die, das and the cases can feel overwhelming at first, but here are some useful tips and patterns to help it stick:

• Learn Nouns with Their Article: Always memorise a new noun together with its gender (e.g. learn “der Tisch” not just “Tisch”). Use colour-coding or imagery if it helps (for example, highlight masculine words in blue, feminine in red, neuter in green – whatever works for you – to create a visual association).

• Use the “W-Question” Trick: The question words for the four cases are Wer? (Who? for nominative), Wen? (Whom? for accusative), Wem? (To whom? for dative), and Wessen? (Whose? for genitive). A classic mnemonic is to replace the W with a D to get the masculine definite articles:

  • Wer ➞ der (Nominative masculine = der)

  • Wen ➞ den (Accusative masculine = den)

  • Wem ➞ dem (Dative masculine = dem)

  • Wessen ➞ des (Genitive masculine = des)

  This trick gives you the masculine forms. Once you know those, you already have neuter dative and genitive too (since neuter shares dem and des with masculine).

• Notice the Patterns by Gender: Instead of memorising each case across all genders at once (which can be confusing), learn the patterns vertically by gender:

  • Feminine: It’s easy – die stays die in nom/acc, and der stays der in dat/gen. So feminine has basically two forms (die, der). (e.g. die Frau, die Frau, der Frau, der Frau for der/die/das table). It often sounds like a repeating pattern (die...die, der...der).

  • Masculine: Follows the “der-den-dem-des” sequence we got from the W->D trick. It has a distinctive form for each case.

  • Neuter: Matches masculine in two places (dative and genitive: dem, des) and matches feminine in the other two (nominative and accusative: both das). So neuter is like a hybrid: das, das (like feminine die, die pattern for nom/acc) and dem, des (same as masculine for dat/gen).

  • Plural: All genders plural use the same set: in nom/acc it’s die, dative is den (+noun -n), genitive is der. Interestingly, the plural forms (die, den, der) are almost identical to feminine singular forms (die, der, der) except the dative. Think “plural behaves like feminine” with the one exception of dative den. For example: feminine: der Frau (dat) vs plural: den Frauen (dat). The plurals of German nouns need to be learned in terms of patterns as well. Memorise with a Rhythmic Drill: Many learners recite the articles in a rhythmic way to hammer them home. For example, some use a sing-song pattern: “der, die, das, die; den, die, das, die; dem, der, dem, den; des, der, des, der”. Saying this repeatedly (there are even songs and videos online) can help you recall the table faster. If you like musical or verbal memory aids, give it a try!

• Apply the Cases in Sentences: Memorisation is helpful, but using the articles in context cements the knowledge. Practice by making example sentences for each case. For instance, take a masculine noun like der Hund:

  • Nominative: der Hund bellt. (the dog barks) – subject.

  • Accusative: Ich sehe den Hund. (I see the dog) – direct object.

  • Dative: Ich gebe dem Hund Wasser. (I give water to the dog) – indirect object.

  • Genitive: Das ist das Spielzeug des Hundes. (That is the dog’s toy) – possession. Do the same for a feminine noun (you’ll see only two forms to worry about), and a neuter noun. Creating your own examples or even short stories using all cases can make learning more engaging.

• Leverage Your Native Language: If you’re an English native, remember that English pronouns do change with case (I/me, he/him, she/her, who/whom). German does this with all nouns, not just pronouns. Sometimes drawing parallels helps: der = he, den = him in a sense (both are masculine one is subject form, one is object form). For feminine, die = she/her (same form for both in English and German if you think of English “her” being used for both, aside from nominative “she”). This isn’t a perfect analogy, but it reminds you that case changes aren’t totally foreign to an English speaker (we just see it mostly in pronouns).

• Learn Common Case Signals: Certain small words and signals in a sentence can tell you which case to use:

  • After “für”, use the accusative (it’s always für + the accusative).

  • After “mit”, use dative (always mit + dative).

  • Possessive constructions in English (“’s” or “of”) often correspond to genitive in German.

  • The main subject of a sentence will be nominative; the direct object will not have a preposition in front of it (in a straightforward sentence) and likely be accusative; an indirect object might be indicated by words like “to/for” in English (but with no preposition and dative in German).

  • Recognising these clues in sentences will help you determine the case of a noun and choose the right article.

• Practice with Real Content: Try reading simple German texts (or exercises) and identify the case of nouns you see. Ask yourself, why is it dem Vater here and den Vater there? Over time, you’ll internalise the logic. Workbooks and online exercises focusing on cases can be very beneficial. Olesen Tuition, for instance, provides practice exercises from A1 to C1 level and covers grammar topics step by step, which can reinforce what you’ve learned about cases.

• Don’t Give Up on the Genitive: Even if you hear Germans often using von + dative, learn the genitive forms and usage. It will improve your writing and help you understand literature, academic texts, and formal speech where genitive still appears frequently. Plus, if you ever take exams (like B2, C1 level or beyond), correct genitive usage will likely be expected.

With these tips and consistent practice, you’ll gradually memorise the article charts and case endings. It might seem like a lot, but practice makes perfect – every time you use the correct der, den, dem, or des, you’re one step closer to mastering German cases!

Ready to Master German Cases?

Understanding der, die, das and the four cases is a major milestone in mastering German grammar. The key is regular practice and getting clear explanations when you’re unsure. If you’re feeling overwhelmed or want personalised guidance, Olesen Tuition is here to help! We specialise in making German grammar explained in a simple, approachable way for learners of all levels.

Practice with the experts: Consider joining one of our courses or lessons. We offer interactive, expert-led online German lessons that you can attend from anywhere, as well as in-person German classes in London (from weekly classes to intensive courses with small groups). If you prefer individualised attention, our private German tutoring in London or online can be tailored to your specific needs and goals.

Take the next step: By consolidating your understanding of cases with professional guidance, you’ll gain confidence in reading, writing, and speaking German correctly. Our experienced native German tutors will provide you with plenty of practice sentences, clear feedback, and tips (like those in this article and more) to reinforce your skills.

Ready to put der, die, das into practice? Contact Olesen Tuition today or explore our upcoming German courses. With the right support and practice, you’ll soon navigate German cases naturally – and maybe even start explaining der, die, das to others! Viel Erfolg und happy learning!

German Cases Exercises A1.2-C1 Level

If you want to learn more about other grammar topics in the language, on my blog, you will find a post on German prepositions with the accusative and dative case, accusative prepositions in German, dative prepositions in German, and genitive-only prepositions in the language. And if you want to read articles on the topic of language learning more generally, I have written a post on the difference between a1, a2, b1, b2, c1, and c2 and on online dictionaries Linguee, dict.leo, dict.cc and Collins.

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