A-Z of Grammar Terminology. What is a definite, an indefinite article, an adjective etc.
When learning a foreign language, students usually find grammar quite daunting as it seems to be a language in its own right with many new terms to learn and understand. Most people learn grammar through the first foreign language they learn, provided of course the latter was taught properly. In this A to Z guide of grammar terms, I’m going to explain the most important terminology in the most general way so that it can also applied to other European languages, not just German. My examples are in English and German.
Accusative
One of three, four or more cases (depending on the language). Also known as the “direct object”, the Accusative is the noun (or nouns) in a sentence that has the action of the verb being done to it. Most sentences would be incomplete without it.
e.g. I buy a car.
Ich kaufe ein Auto.
Active voice
The difference between active and passive voice is that in active sentences the subject (a person or thing that does the verb, i.e. the doer of the action; see below) is the focal point, whereas in passive sentences the subject is the act that is happening to or experienced by someone.
e.g. I buy the red car (active) Ich kaufe das rote Auto
The red car is being bought (by me). (passive)
Das Auto wird (von mir) gekauft.
Adjective
Words that are used to describe nouns. In most European languages other than English they take on endings to agree with the noun that they’re describing, either when placed before the noun, after the noun or both. In German, they just take on endings when they’re put before the noun. Learn more about German adjective rules here.
e.g. I bought a red car. The car that I bought is red.
Ich habe ein rotes Auto gekauft. Das Auto, das ich gekauft habe, ist rot.
Adverb
Words that describe, modify or quantify verbs. Information of time, manner, reasons, locations are normally adverbs.
e.g. Yesterday she took her car to work.
Sie ist gestern mit dem Auto zur Arbeit gefahren.
Article
Define a noun as specific (the) or unspecific (a) and in most European languages, unlike English, indicate its case (function in a sentence, see below) and gender (whether it’s masculine, feminine or neutral).
I enjoyed the lesson.
Ich habe den Unterricht genossen.
I have a question.
Ich habe eine Frage.
Case
Cases indicate the function that a noun performs in a given sentence. They express the difference between subject and objects, often using different articles to reflect that. In English, the cases are mostly communicated by virtue of word order (subjects come before objects), whereas in German the articles express the case.
I (subject) enjoyed the lesson (object).
Ich habe den Unterricht genossen.
The question words make he difference more apparent.
Who (subject) does the work?
Wer macht die Arbeit?
Whom (object) did you see in the supermarket?
Wen hast du im Supermarkt gesehen?
Learn more about the cases in German here.
Conditional tense
This tense is used to communicate hypothetical claims or situations, polite questions and the like.
Could (rather than can) you please help me.
Könntest du/könnten Sie mir bitte helfen.
I would go on holiday if I could.
Ich würde in Urlaub fahren, wenn ich könnte.
Learn about the conditional tense in German here.
Conjugation
To conjugate a verb means to change its root and/or ending to express different persons, moods (see active/passive), tenses etc.
I go
you go
He, she, it goes
we go
you go
they go
Ich gehe
du gehst
er/sie/es geht
wir gehen
ihr geht
sie/Sie gehen
For more information on the conjugation of German verbs in the present tense check our post on the topic.
Conjunction
Conjunctions are words that link separate clauses or sentences. See word order below.
I go to the supermarket because I need milk (I go to the supermarket and I need milk are separate clauses linked by because)
Ich gehe in den Supermarkt, weil ich Milch brauche.
Declension
Declensions are changes of the articles put before nouns as well as the form of a noun, adjective, and pronoun that allow to identify its case.
e.g. der Mann (Nominative case)
den Mann (Accusative)
dem Mann (Dative)
des Mannes (Genitive)
Dative
One of three or more cases, referring to the indirect object in a sentence. Normally a person or pet to whom something is being given or for whom something is being done.
e.g. Ich kaufe meiner Schwester ein Auto (I buy a car for my sister).
In terms of word order, the Dative case almost always comes before the Accusative, unless the latter is a pronoun. For a detailed explanation of the difference between the Dative and Accusative in German, check out my post on the topic.
e.g. Ich kaufe es meiner Schwester (I buy it for my sister).
Definite article
Used to indicate that the noun is specific or known to the reader or interlocutor. In other languages also expresses gender and case.
The owner of the shop served me today
Der Besitzer des Geschäfts hat mich heute bedient.
Gender
In most European languages nouns have two, in some languages like German nouns have three genders. In modern English the genders are largely lost. The gender determines the inflection of the noun, see above. To learn German gender rules read our post on the topic.
The dog bit the man. He (rather than it) bit him.
Der Hund hat den Mann gebissen. Er hat ihn gebissen.
Genitive
The genitive is one of three or more cases, depending on the language. It communicates ownership or a possessive relationship between nouns. In English, the preposition “of” indicates the genitive case. What comes after “of” takes the genitive case as it is the owner of that which comes before the “of”. See cases above.
e.g. This is the car of my sister.
‘Das ist das Auto meiner Schwester.
Indefinite articles
Used to indicate non-specific nouns.
I’d like a pint of milk.
Ich hätte gern eine Flasche Milch.
Infinitive
The original, unconjugated form of the verb.
e.g. To play - spielen
Inflection
The term “inflection” refers to a change of articles in light of the gender of the noun, while declensions change articles according to their case. There is no difference in English.
Der Mann- die Frau- ein/der Blumenstrauß
Der Mann schenkt der Frau einen Blumenstrauß
Main clause
Also referred to as “independent clause” as it can stand on its own feet and doesn’t require any additional information to be grammatically correct. In a German main clause, the conjugated verb needs to be the second idea. See word order below.
I like to play tennis.
Ich spiele gern Tennis.
Passive voice
Opposite of active voice, see above. Passive rules in German.
The homework is being done.
Die Hausaufgabe wird gemacht.
Plural
The plural form of nouns denotes more than one.
The woman- the women
die Frau - die Frauen
Preposition
A word, usually preceding a noun, that expresses the time, manner or location of something in relation other events. Common English prepositions are on, to, with.
The child is on the bus.
Das Kind sitzt im Bus.
Check out our posts on preposition rules in German here.
Pronoun
Pronouns are words that substitute nouns (like she) that were mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (the woman) or function as a noun phrase used by themselves. More on Pronoun rules in German here.
I know the woman over there. She is my sister’s friend.
Ich kenne die Frau dort. Sie ist eine Freundin meiner Schwester.
Proper noun
Named owner or institution.
London’s restaurants are very good.
Londons Restaurants sind sehr gut.
Reflexive verb
Verbs that refer back to the subject because their object (direct or indirect) is the same as its subject and the action of the verb is being done to the subject.
I wash myself.
Ich wasche mich.
Our post on reflexive verbs in German can be found here.
Relative clause
Clauses that are used to describe a noun. In English, you use the relative pronouns “who”, “which” or ”that” to introduce the relative clause. In German, you use the definite articles. Read more about relative clause. in German here.
e.g. Die Frau, die Deutsch lernt, hat einen deutschen Mann.
Singular
Opposite of plural.
Strong verb
Also known as irregular verbs because their root changes in the conjugation.
fahren (Infinitive; root/stem ‘fahr‘)
ich fahre
du fährst
er/sie/es fährt
wir fahren
ihr fahrt
sie/Sie fahren
Subject
A person or thing that does the verb, i.e. the doer of the action. The subject is also known as the Nominative case.
We are allowed to travel.
Wir dürfen reisen.
Subordinate clause
Independent clauses that provide additional information, such as reasons, that rely on the existence of a main clause. Unlike a main clause where the conjugated verb is second, in a subordinate clause the verbs go to the end of the sentence with the conjugated verb going last. See word order below.
We are allowed to travel because the infection rate is going down.
Wir dürfen reisen, weil die Infektionszahlen sinken.
Syntax
See word order below.
Tense
The form of a verb that gives reference to the time at which events take place. Most languages have at least the present, past and future tense.
I will travel to Greece this summer.
Ich werde diesen Sommer nach Griechenland reisen.
To learn about the Perfekt, Präteritum, Plusquamperfekt and Future tense in German, check out our blog.
Weak verb